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For commuters and those in the delivery and courier industry Adreian Payne Jersey , traffic jams are part and parcel of the daily grind. But what are the causes of jams? Now there is scientific research to add to the anecdotal evidence of everyday drivers everywhere.

It's enough to make your heart sink. You're on the motorway when the all-too-familiar cascade of brake lights comes towards you. Before long, you're at a standstill. In this situation, you might feel for the trucker whose load is spoiling, or sympathise with the self-employed couriers whose jobs are nearing deadline; perhaps you'll just feel the perennial frustration of the commuter. But you will probably also start to wonder about the cause of the delay: could it be road works Terrence Ross Jersey , an accident, a police speed check?

Well, you won't be surprised to hear that mathematicians have also asked these questions. There's even a Mathematical Society of Traffic Flow. It is not just the frustration factor or the safety issue that make traffic jams a worthy research topic; increasing traffic flow is becoming an ecological and economic issue. When traffic is static, greenhouse gases are emitted needlessly; and for people who drive for a living Jonathon Simmons Jersey , traffic jams can actually be costly. When vehicles are stopping-and-starting or sitting stationary with the engine running idle, they have reduced fuel efficiency. This can be costly for 'the little guy' who has to pay for his own fuel, like those driving self-employed courier jobs every day.

A Wave of Jam

Enter the Japanese scientists to the fray! In a study reported by New Scientist magazine, physicists have examined the anatomy of a traffic jam and been able to recreate the road conditions that can cause a seemingly spontaneous jam to appear. They have shown that even with cars moving at a relatively constant speed D.J. Augustin Jersey , a traffic jam can build from almost nothing.

The problem is that when the distance between cars varies just a fraction, the smallest responses by drivers create something of a domino reaction with tiny changes in speed having a cumulative effect. So when the long-distance trucker slows - on a hill perhaps - the self-employed courier behind him brakes a little, as does the coach driver behind him, and so on Bismack Biyombo Jersey , until the stressed-out commuter five miles back finds himself at a standstill.

The scientists refer to the phenomenon as a shockwave. As soon as distance between vehicles begins to vary, each driver in turn must adapt his speed or distance from the other cars, and the necessary adjustment increases as it goes back from car to car. Remarkably, mathematicians have even been able to calculate that this shockwave travels backwards at around 20kmhr (about 12 miles per hour).

Small Change - Big Result

The painful truth is that these 'shockwave' jams are caused mostly by there being too many cars on the road. Furthermore Nikola Vucevic Jersey , it means the smallest variation in traffic flow can snowball into a full-blown jam.

In February 2010, a small variation that had a big effect in the city of Brisbane was a family of ducks crossing the road during rush hour. The two adult ducks were hit first and their young scattered in panic. Many ducklings were killed as cars were unable to stop in time. As the motorists tried to negotiate around the birds running in all directions, the traffic quickly piled up and everyone in Brisbane was late getting to their jobs. A Courier-mail journalist was there to photograph the scene, and captured the surviving duckling. The whole incident was a tragic twist of the 'sitting duck' idiom and the 'why did the chicken cross the road?' joke. Answer: to screw up the traffic.

It seems traffic jams are a mathematical phenomenon Mario Hezonja Jersey , a logistical conundrum, and a modern headache that won't soon disappear.
Alfred Sung Perfume Reviews Health Articles | September 28, 2009
?Alfred Sung is the creator of many fine perfumes. His collection of perfumes make a woman feel attractive, sexy and appealing. He offers an array of fragrances that are sophisticated Marreese Speights Jersey , mature and sexy.

Forever perfume by Alfred Sung was launched in 1995. It is a fresh, vibrant and refreshing fragrance that is light and flowery. The blend is a combination of light delicious white flowers with a hint of oriental flair. Forever is the perfect fragrance to wear in the warmer spring months when the Earth is just reawakening from a long winters sleep. It is the prefect perfume to wear for casual daytime use. The fragrance is light and natural and will not over power you. The top notes are green with a touch of coconut and delicious jasmine with a dash of musk for good measure. Forever is long lasting and will keep you smelling fresh and sexy all day long.


Another great perfume is Jewel by Alfred Sung. Jewel is a radiant and vibrant perfume that has a luscious and rich fragrance that is sensual and alluring. The perfume contains hints of delicious sparkling pear and juicy black currant followed by a bouquet of crisp white flowers, rich orange flower and delicate jasmine. The base is comprised of creamy coconut milk, acacia wood Arron Afflalo Jersey , and plum.



Pure perfume by Alfred Sung was launched in 1997 and is a delicious floral blend that is very feminine and refreshing. The blend contains a flower arrangement of fresh white flowers combined with orchids. It is a sweet aroma that will last all day long. The hint of fruit and spice in the perfume provides and unexpected and welcome surprise.



Shi perfume by Alfred Sung is a rich luminous fragrance that is full os tranquil notes such as orange blossom and water musks. The relaxing and calming fragrance is perfect for daytime wear when you want to relax and feel at one with the world around you.

Article Tags: Alfred Sung, White Flowers


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